A Guide to the Most Common Home Loan Types

Choosing a mortgage can feel like choosing from a menu in a language you do not speak. The good news is that most buyers end up with one of a handful of common loan types. Understanding how they differ will help you have a more productive conversation with your loan officer and choose the one that fits your goals.

Conventional Loans

Conventional loans are not backed by a government agency, and they are the most widely used type of mortgage. They generally work well for buyers with solid credit and manageable debt.

  • As little as 3% down for eligible buyers
  • Private mortgage insurance when you put down less than 20%, removable once you reach 80% loan-to-value
  • Fixed or adjustable rate options
  • 2026 conforming limit of $832,750 for a one-unit home in most areas, up to $1,249,125 in high-cost areas

Learn more about conventional loans.

FHA Loans

FHA loans are insured by the Federal Housing Administration and are designed to make homeownership more accessible, especially for buyers with smaller savings or credit that is still being built.

  • 3.5% down with a credit score of 580 or higher
  • 1.75% upfront mortgage insurance premium plus annual premiums paid monthly
  • More flexible guidelines on credit history and debt ratios in many cases

VA Loans

VA loans are a benefit for eligible veterans, active-duty service members, certain National Guard and Reserve members, and some surviving spouses.

  • $0 down with full entitlement
  • No monthly mortgage insurance
  • A funding fee for most borrowers, which can often be financed
  • Intended for a primary residence

See our VA home loan page for details.

USDA Loans

Backed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, these loans help buyers in eligible rural and some suburban areas.

  • No down payment required for eligible buyers
  • Property must be in a qualifying area
  • Household income limits apply
  • Program guarantee fees in place of private mortgage insurance

Adjustable-Rate Mortgages

An adjustable-rate mortgage, or ARM, starts with a fixed rate for an initial period, such as five, seven or ten years. After that, the rate adjusts periodically based on a market index, so your payment can go up or down. ARMs may appeal to buyers who expect to sell or refinance before the fixed period ends. Make sure you understand the caps that limit how much the rate can change and that you could handle a higher payment.

Jumbo Loans

When the loan amount exceeds the conforming limit for your area, you will need a jumbo loan. These loans typically call for stronger credit, larger down payments and more cash reserves, since they cannot be sold to Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac.

Other Options Worth Knowing

  • Renovation loans such as the FHA 203(k) can combine the purchase and repairs in one mortgage.
  • Investment property and DSCR loans help investors buy rentals, sometimes using the property’s rental income to qualify.

Fixed Rate or Adjustable?

Most of the loan types above can come with a fixed rate, and some also offer adjustable options. A fixed rate gives you the same principal and interest payment for the entire term, which many buyers value for budgeting. An adjustable rate may start lower but carries the possibility of higher payments later. Think about how long you plan to keep the loan and how much payment change you could comfortably absorb.

Loan Terms

A 30-year term spreads payments out and keeps them lower, while a 15-year term means higher monthly payments but much less total interest and faster equity. Some lenders offer terms in between.

How to Choose

The right loan depends on your credit, savings, income, military service, property location and how long you plan to stay. A loan officer can compare options side by side using your real numbers. You can also start with our loan program comparison.

Have questions about which loan is right for you? Talk with FLO Mortgage and we will help you sort through your options.

Have questions about your next move?

A FLO Mortgage loan officer can walk through your options, run real numbers and help you choose a loan that fits.

Talk with a loan officerSee how the process works

This article is for general education and is not a commitment to lend. All loans are subject to credit approval, underwriting guidelines and program availability. FLO Mortgage, Company NMLS #1835856. Equal Housing Opportunity.

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